In search of excellence pdf free download
That sounds logical and easy, but reality or practice is not always that easy. There is among others no consensus on how to start up and how to continue with the implementation of the EFQM Excellence model. Companies are struggling with a lot of problems and many companies skip the model because the model seems too complex to understand and too time consuming to implement.
One of the reasons behind these problems is maybe that the self-assessment approach suggested by consultants or other experts trained as EFQM assessors is often an award based approach even if the companies need quite a different approach. In most cases companies do not aim to receive a quality award, but rather need to initiate and carry out sustainable quality improvements. Furthermore the model generally pays little attention to contextual factors.
The right approach for implementation varies depending on the current maturity level of the company and existing organizational culture Dahlgaard and Dahlgaard-Park, Another problem is linked to the management paradigm. Although it is stressed by EFQM that the model is based on 8 fundamental concepts, the actual approach will vary depending on the interpretation and understanding of the model, and the existing management paradigm often determines the character and direction of the interpretation.
For instance, if the existing and dominant Dahlgaard, S. One major problem, when implementing the model, is especially to balance the human oriented approach with a fact and measurement based approach.
This problem is also related to a tendency to focus on tangible and objective aspects while underestimating the more intangible and subjective aspects. Several authors Corrigan, ; Evans, ; Shin et al. The critics of the European Excellence Model do not mean that we reject the model as such. The critics we have come up with may be the same for other quality award models as for example the Malcolm Baldrige Quality Award model.
Under this condition we regard the model as one of the best management control models, which definitely can help companies in improving competitiveness and the financial performance Dahlgaard-Park, We expect similar impacts will be shown when analysing the financial impacts using the European Quality Award, a research project which is running right now Boulter, L.
With these considerations in mind, we felt a need to construct an alternative more people oriented model of organizational excellence. According to the model building excellence into the following 4P develops Organizational Excellence OE : 1. People, 2. Partnership, 3. Processes, 4. From this viewpoint it is argued that the first priority of any quality or excellence strategy should be to build quality into people as the essential foundation and catalyst for improving partnerships, processes and products.
But what does that really mean? The quality strategy should preferably be implemented multi directional, i. The strategy should follow the Policy Deployment approach Hoshin Kanri , which has both the top-down and the bottom-up strategy included.
Such an approach provides a framework for building quality into the following three levels Dahlgaard-Park, : Individual level, team level and organizational level.
Figure 5 below indicates that building Organizational Excellence OE is initiated by building Leadership, which means recruiting leaders with the right values and competencies and developing leaders through education and training so that proper leadership is practiced. Leadership impacts throughout organizations are huge. Partnership is established in all people relationships - within the team, between team members intra-team , between teams inter-team and with other people or groups outside the team.
Partnership also includes external stakeholders such as suppliers, customers, society and community stakeholders. Building Processes means that leaders, individuals and teams day by day try to practice the needed values and competencies based on the principle of continuous improvement and the and speed is continuously improved and at the same time costs are reduced through improved people relationships in the system. The strategy, for simultaneously improving quality and speed and reducing costs, is to identify and reduce waste everywhere in the supply-chain processes from suppliers to the customers.
It is assumed by the model, that all 5 factors are necessary for achieving organizational excellence. More specifically we adopt the purposive and goal seeking socio-cultural system view Buckley, in which organizations are supposed to intentionally searching and receiving information and making efforts in order to keep moving toward their goals. The positioning of Building Leadership in the model should be understood from this point of view, as we recognise the decisive influence and authority of leadership in shaping goals and designing the vision, mission and strategy for achieving the goals.
Another assumption in relationship with the model is the aspect of organisational reality. The quality movement has often been explained and characterised as a quality evolution from a rather mechanical view with a focus on objective and rational elements to a more holistic and organic view with a focus on both subjective and objective elements of organizational reality Dahlgaard, ; TQM can be explained as an ongoing process of fusion between western and eastern ways of seeing, thinking, interpreting, understanding, and doing.
It is argued Dahlgaard, , that the rational and logical approach is a heritage from the western tradition mediated by pioneers such as Shewhart, Deming and Juran, and the more holistic and humanistic approach is a heritage of the eastern tradition, mostly transmitted by Japanese practices.
As a result of this quality evolution, which also comprises the fusion between western and eastern traditions, TQM as well as the Business Excellence Models came to recognise this multifaceted reality Dahlgaard, The multifaceted reality means here that the various aspects of organizations, e.
Instead of dichotomies between these aspects we suggest an integrative approach where subjective and objective as well as micro and macro aspects are seen as a dynamic continuum of organizational reality, and thereby are all parts of the reality.
These realities are often difficult to observe, as they are mostly intangible. However as the organizational realities are not divided into different categories or levels, they are overlapping in all areas. Thus the most important point is here that all four aspects of realities are important, and there are mutual interrelationships between all four areas. Individual persons can initiate an action micro objective driven by some personal motives micro subjective , however those personal motives might have been shaped, modified and constrained by the organisational culture macro subjective or the existing hierarchical structure macro objective.
Thus interrelationships between them are multidirectional and not a clear linear cause-and-effect or enabler-results relationship. Externalisation, internalization, sympathy, socialization, combination, articulation etc.
Although we are careful and reluctant to make priorities at any level, we can observe from table 1 that the impact of Leadership is obvious within and between all four levels. This is the reason behind our argument of leadership to be considered as the foundation of the model indicating that leadership is the most influential factor of the model.
Similarly, conflicts and divisions between micro-macro, 1 One of early sociologists, Durkheim, introduced the concepts of mechanical and organic solidarity in his analysis in the Division of Labor in Society When integrating these conflicting aspects we have taken these conditions, ideas and suggestions into consideration, and in particular we used as input for our model ideas from Giddens , Alexander et al.
An overview of the 14 management principles related to the four categories is presented in table 2 below. But when we regard the first P Philosophy as part of Leadership, the two models have the same number of Ps.
Problem Solving is not a specific category in our model because it is integrated in the categories of Processes and Products. The order of the Ps in the two models differentiates a little bit, but the models have the same start with relation to the importance of Leadership and Philosophy which guides strategies, activities, problem solving etc in the other levels of the two models.
In fact it seems wrong to focus too much on the order of the Ps because neither we nor Liker regards our respective models to be simple mechanistic models which always must be used in a certain order. At a superficial and general level, they can be interpreted as interchangeable. However if we make an in-depth analysis on how they are implied, there are many differences beside the terminological differences.
We recognize these 14 principles as important principles to understand for any company and the successes of Toyota compared to other car manufacturers indicate that managers should study these principles carefully before they eventually try to adapt them or other overlapping principles. However, we do not regard the fourteen principles as being the ultimate number of principles which companies must work with in order to embark on and have success with the long journey to organizational excellence.
People can remember two principles but not fourteen! Nevertheless the 14 principles can be abstracted and may be regarded as a detailed check list which supplements the simple overall model in figure 7. Base management decisions on a long-term philosophy, even at the Long Term Thinking expense of short-term financial goals Process 2. Use pull systems to avoid overproduction 4.
Level out the workload 5. Stop when there is a quality problem 6. The challenge to add more and more value grows, and the importance of innovation, and a culture of innovation, grows exponentially. A 'culture of innovation' covers 'everything.
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The first edition of the novel was published in January 1st , and was written by Tom Peters. The book was published in multiple languages including , consists of pages and is available in Paperback format. The main characters of this business, non fiction story are ,. The book has been awarded with , and many others.
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